先进燃料聚变反应性增强的新机制

采用电子回旋波加热D-^３Ｈe先进燃料聚变等离子体，使它处在高的电子温度下，一些新的物理过程(如聚变产物之间核-核弹性散射、核力与库仑相干散射及核反应的传播)变得相对重要，而高能聚变产物离子与电子的库仑相互作用相对变弱.部分本底燃料离子被高能的聚变反应产物核击出而提升到分布函数尾部成为“超热”燃料离子，从而可能提高D-^３Ｈe聚变的反应性.还计算了这些机制的能量传递. 关键词： 核-核弹性散射 核-库仑相干散射 ３Ｈe聚变')" href="#">D-^３Ｈe聚变 聚变反应性增强     

ITER第一壁、偏滤器靶板和壁的热负荷计算

由于日本和欧共体对固体氚增殖包层已进行了很多实验研究，并且提出了他们的1TER固体氚增殖包层模块(TBM)方案。为了设计具有中国研究基础的氚增殖包层模块方案，我们选定液态锂和锂-铅作为氚增殖材料的ITER包层模块方案。但是包层第一壁的厚度一般只有2～3cm，因为它必须小于14．1MeV聚变中子的平均自程，从结构力学的角度它是非常单薄的。     

高能带电粒子库仑对数量子力学效应研究

 先进燃料D-3He聚变产生的高能带电粒子在本底等离子体中慢化时间的准确性直接影响到能量平衡和高能离子压强的计算结果。结果表明：高能带电粒子与本底等离子体的离子相互作用的库仑对数量子力学效应明显。应使用高能带电粒子库仑对数力学效应来研究聚变产生的高能端部粒子慢化过程；能量大于等于25Z²_iZ²_iA_i keV的高能粒子与本底等离子体中离子的相互作用库仑对数最好也使用量子截断。     

Parallel reactions in open chip-based nanovials with continuous compensation for solvent evaporation

In an earlier report (Litborn, E., Emmer, A., Roeraade, J., Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 401, 11-19, we described a technique for performing chemistry in chip-based vials. A major problem, solvent evaporation, was partially remedied by using a closed humidity chamber. In this paper we report an improved technique for performing parallel reactions in open, 15 nL volume, chip-based vials. The evaporation of solvent from the reaction fluid was continuously compensated by addition of solvent via an array of microcapillaries. The suitability of the method was demonstrated by performing eight separate peptide maps of myoglobin in parallel, using the three enzymes trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C. The total amount of myoglobin utilized to perform the eight digests was less than 100 pmol. The corresponding amount of enzymes was ca. 0.1 pmol per reaction. In order to evaluate the operating limits of the technique, a study of the evaporation of solvents from a series of vials with proportionally smaller volumes operated at different temperatures was performed. The results showed that the concept for continuous compensation of solvent evaporation should be applicable to reaction volumes down to 30 pL.     

Temporal integration of the contralateral acoustic-reflex threshold and its age-related changes

Although numerous studies have investigated temporal integration of the acoustic-reflex threshold (ART), research is lacking on the effect of age on temporal integration of the ART. Therefore the effect of age on temporal integration of the ART was investigated for a broad-band noise (BBN) activator. Subjects consisted of two groups of adults with normal-hearing sensitivity: one group of 20 young adults (ten males and ten females, ages 18-29 years, with a mean age of 24 years) and one group of 20 older adults (ten males and ten females, ages 59-75 years, with a mean age of 67.5 years). Activating stimulus durations were 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 ms. Significant main effects for duration and age were obtained. That is, as the duration increased, the acoustic reflex threshold for BBN decreased. The interactions of duration x age group and duration x hearing level were not significant. The result of pair-wise analysis indicated statistically significant differences between the two age groups at durations of 20 ms and longer. The observed age effect on temporal integration of the ART for the BBN activator is interpreted in relation to senescent changes in the auditory system.     

Membrane protein and peptide sample handling for MS analysis using a structured MALDI target

Different sample handling methods for hydrophobic proteins and peptides were evaluated in association with the utilization of a structured matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) target for increased sensitivity. The fluorinated organic solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) was used for the solubilization of both the full-length protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and a cyanogen bromide digest thereof, and compared to the performance of the non-ionic detergents octyl--d-glucopyranoside (OG), dodecyl--d-maltoside (DM), and Triton X-100. A concentrating effect was seen when using the structured MALDI plate for BR dissolved in all the different detergents, of which OG generated the best-quality spectra for the full-length integral membrane protein as well as for the hydrophobic peptides. However, the uneven analyte distribution obtained with the detergent preparations required selective and thus time-consuming acquisition of spectra. When instead HFIP was used as sample solvent, a tenfold increase in sensitivity was achieved for full-length BR. Addition of acids to the HFIP-solubilized sample, or to the MALDI matrix solution, improved the signals for a few of the peptides, while degrading the spectra of others. Consequently, the addition of acid could be used as a complementary sample preparation method for hydrophobic peptides. On-target washing to remove contaminants (e.g., salt) was performed, and a recrystallization protocol for signal improvement specifically suited for hydrophobic peptides is described. Results from digestion and solubilization in different micro centrifuge tubes were examined to determine the influence of different materials on the possible sample loss due to wall adhesion. Studies of sample solution storage times suggest immediate analysis after solubilization to obtain best results.     

Capillary electrophoretic and mass spectrometric analysis of a polydisperse fluorosurfactant

A fluorosurfactant has been studied using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The fluorosurfactant, FC134, can be used as a buffer additive in capillary electrophoresis in order to decrease wall adsorption of proteins and in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. However, it has been discovered that this fluorosurfactant is polydisperse, thus containing substances with different lengths and structures. In this work, the fluorosurfactant sample components were separated by capillary electrophoresis. An uncoated as well as a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary were used with running electrolytes containing methanol and acetic acid. Following the capillary electrophoretic separation, fractions were collected for further analysis by MALDI-MS. Non-fractionated samples were also analyzed both by MALDI-MS and by ESI-MS.     

Capillary electrophoretic separation and fractionation of hydrophobic peptides onto a pre-structured matrix assisted laser desorption/ ionization target for mass spectrometric analysis

A CE separation of hydrophobic peptides followed by fractionation onto a prestructured MALDI target and off-line MS analysis was performed. An improved and partially automated manufacturing procedure of the previously described MALDI target is presented. This target is structurally coated with silicone and especially developed for hydrophobic peptides and proteins. Here, the target plate was designed specifically for the CE fraction collection. Different solvents were evaluated to meet the requirements of peptide solubility and compatibility to both the CE and MALDI methods and to the fractionation procedure. CE-MALDI-MS analysis of nine highly hydrophobic peptides from cyanogen bromide-digested bacteriorhodopsin is demonstrated.     

改善芯部加料效率的新机制研究

对五种不同组合的固态氢同位素靶丸H2、HD、D2、DT和T2在聚变等离子体中的消融率作了同位素修正。结果表明,由于这种新机制———同位素效应,引起的靶丸半径烧蚀率修正从氢靶丸的1下降到氚靶丸的0.487。因而在消融率计算时是不可忽略的,这些修正可导致更深的靶丸消融物质沉积因而改善芯部加料效率。更重要的是,考虑到同位素效应后,对ITER的加料困难有适度的减轻。进一步的数值计算工作表明,以低场侧注入半径rp0=0.5cm的DT靶丸,同样渗入ITER等离子体100cm,按Kuteev的2D透镜模型,同位素修正使要求靶丸的初速度从vp0=24.27×105cm·s-1减小到16.2×105cm·s-1,而对Parks模型,从vp0=8.07×105cm·s-1减小到5.4×105cm·s-1。如果从中平面高场侧注入尺寸rp0=0.5cm的DT靶丸,当合并考虑同位素修正和由于消融云内外比压差产生的净垂直极化电流引起的沿大半径方向漂移后,vp0可降低到工程技术上比较容易实现的低速1.73×104cm·s-1从而可能使靶丸的消融物质沉积到ITER等离子体中心。